Background: Addiction of alcoholic beverage by early pregnancy women results in fetal alcohol syndrome of her baby. This study aims to investigate fetal alcoholic syndrome due to binge alcoholic drinking by the early pregnant of wistar rat. Methods: This is an experimental study applying posttest only control group design. Wistar Rats were in preconditioning for pregnancy and divided into two groups, i.e. one group was fed with normal feeding and the other group was fed with normal feeding and 40% of ethanol. The off spring then were observed and divided into three groups, i.e. normal fetal, normal fetal from the mother fed with ethanol, and fetal alcoholic syndrome. Insulin like growth factor (IGF-1), aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), apoptosis index, pathology of their brain and heart were observed. The different of all these parameters were then compared by applying one way anova, and considered significant at p < 0.05. Results: In this study we found that there were fetals alcoholic syndrome (FAS) due to the mother of the Wistar Rat fed with ethanol during their pregnancy. There were also a significant different of IGF-1, ALDH, apoptosis index between these three groups (p < 0.05), i.e. normal baby, normal fed with ethanol, and FAS. IGF-1 for these three groups were 56.59±0.52 ng/ml, 55.17±2.41 ng/ml, and 36.64±4.86 ng/ml, respectively. ALDH for the groups were 21.41±2.38 ng/ml, 21.16±4.77 ng/ml, and 17.05±2.68 ng/ml, respectively. Their brain apoptosis indexes were 4.56±0.78, 4.58±1.17, and 7.86±1.31, respectively. Heart apoptosis indexes were found 2.81±1.18, 5.36±1.37, and 7.50±1.43, respectively. Conclusion: Binge alcohol drinking during pregnancy of Wistar Rat results in FAS and identified by decrease of IGF-1, ALDH and increase of brain apoptosis index and heart apoptosis index of the off spring.

Background: Preeclampsia still becomes a major problem in pregnancies. Various evidences showed that heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is very important in pregnancy. This study aims to understand the relationship of heme oxygenase-1 level with onset and severity in normotensive pregnancy and severe preeclampsia. Methods: This is a cross sectional analytic comparative study, the subjects consisted of 26 patients with normotensive pregnancies and 26 patients with severe preeclampsia. Blood samples from women with < 34 / ≥ 34 weeks’ normotensive pregnancies and women with severe preeclampsia were taken. HO-1 ELISA kit used to quantitate heme oxygenase-1 level in samples. Results: The level of heme oxygenase-1 in normotensive pregnant women < 34 weeks lower than severe preeclampsia pregnant women < 34 weeks (3.28 ± 0.46 ng/mL vs 4.20 ± 0.64 ng/mL, p=0.003, respectively). The median level of heme oxygenase-1 in normotensive pregnant women ≥ 34 weeks was 2.96 (2.41–4.39) ng/mL, while severe preeclampsia pregnant women ≥ 34 weeks was 3.52 (2.88–5.43) ng/mL, (p=0.040). The median level of heme oxygenase-1 in normotensive pregnant women was 3.04 (2.41–4.39) ng/mL, while severe preeclampsia pregnant women was 3.68 (2.88–5.67) ng/mL, (p=0.001). Conclusions: There is correlation between the incidence of severe preeclampsia with heme oxygenase-1 level in < 34 and ≥ 34 weeks of pregnancy. There is a significant difference between the level of heme oxygenase-1 in pregnant women with severe preeclampsia and in women with normotensive pregnancy.

 

Background: Forest Kedondong (Spondias pinnata) traditionally known as “loloh cemcem” and commonly used as a chronic cough remedy. Previous research showed that methanol extract of Forest Kedondong leaves active against MDR strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The aim of this study were to determine the phytochemical constituent and anti tuberculosis activity of stem bark extract of this plant against MDR strain of M. tuberculosis. Method: Coarsely powder of Forest Kedondong stem bark was extracted successively with n-hexane, chloroform and 80% ethanol. Anti tuberculosis assay of chloroform and ethanol extract was conducted using proportion method with Lowenstein-Jensen medium within 3 different concentration of extract of 1, 10, and 100 mg/mL. Activity was evaluated by inhibition of extract against M. tuberculosis growth, which was calculated by mean reduction in number of colonies on extract containing medium compared to control. Results and Discussion: Phytochemical test showed that chloroform extract contains terpenoid and flavonoids. Ethanol extract contains terpenoid, polyphenols and flavonoids. These extracts were active against MDR strain of M. tuberculosis with 100% inhibition at concentration of 100 mg/mL. Chloroform extract has higher inhibition against M. tuberculosis growth than Ethanol extract. Conclusions: These extracts were potentially developed to an anti tuberculosis constituent from natural product.

Background: About 85% of strokes are ischemic strokes, caused by occlusion of cerebral artery that induced brain inflammation. A deep understanding of ischemic stroke mechanism will lead to better neurorestorative treatment. Objective: This study investigates the dynamics of human mesenchymal stem cells, fractalkine, and M1 microglia/macrophage in ischemic stroke patients. Results: We found the same fractalkine levels and M1 microglia/macrophage cells on patients with stroke onset 0 to 14 days, then decrease until 30 days of stroke onset. MSCs was increase 7 days after stroke onset, peaked by 14 days, then decreased until 30 days after stroke ischemic onset. Conclusions: This study found an interaction between microglia/macrophage, fractalkine, and MSCs on ischemic stroke patients, so therapeutic strategy could be developed.

Background and Purposes: Stroke is still one of a leading health-care problem in industrial country and in the developing country. Spontaneous Intra-cerebral Hemorrhage accounts for 30–60% of all stroke admissions into a hospital. Presence of intra-cerebral hemorrhage is considered a poor prognostic factor due to the resultant obstruction to the mass effect following the presence of blood resulting in raised intracranial pressure. While the craniotomy procedure failed to show more benefits over functional outcome, a less invasive and quicker surgical decompression might improve the outcome. Neuroendoscopy is one of promising optional  on minimal invasive  treatment  for spontaneous intra-cerebral hemorrhage. Material and Methods: We evaluated Glasgow Outcome Score and clinical outcome of patients with Spontaneous Intra-cerebral Hemorrhage who underwent modified neuroendoscopic surgery and craniotomy. Randomized control trial was performed during 27 months in 43 patients. Twenty-five patients treated with neuroendoscopy surgery and 18 patients with craniotomy. The removal of intra-cerebral hemorrhage was done by a modified neuroendoscopic transparent sheath made of silastic material, derived from pieces of thoracic tube No. 21F as a conduit working channel. Results: We analyzed statistically, clinical outcome assessment and Glasgow Outcome Scale 6 months post operative follow-up period. The mortality rate was significantly higher by Pearson chi-square methods, in craniotomy group n=12 (63.2%) compared with neuroendoscopy group, n=7 (36.8%) (p<.005). Patients with Glasgow Outcome Scale score 3–5 was higher in neuroendoscopy group, n=18 (75%) compared with craniotomy group n=6 (25%). The survival rate analyzed by Kaplan Meier methods, found that patients in the neuroendoscopy group were a significantly longer survival rate compare with the craniotomy group during 6 months post operative follow-up period. Conclusions: Treatment of spontaneous intra-cerebral hemorrhage with modified neuroendoscopy procedure was faster in action,safer and longer in survival rate and inexpensive.

Background: The use of inappropriate medications in the elderly is an important issue in the health care system. This issue can increase the side effects and the costs. This study aimed to investigate the prescribing of inappropriate medications in elderly patients. Materials & Methods: In this cross- sectional study, 400 elderly people were selected by simple random sampling at four teaching and non- teaching in hospitals affiliated with IUMS during six months of the 2013 year. The data was collected from the profiles of hospitalization of patients and check lists of STOPP criteria and was analyzed using the chi- square test, Mann- Whitney, Spearman correlation coefficients and Kolmogorov- Smirnov. Results: The mean age of the elderly was 73.4 year. The total number of prescribed drugs for studied patients was 4744 of which at least 124(31.1 Percent) inappropriate medication was prescribed for a patient. According to STOPP criteria, most inappropriate prescriptions were in the non- teaching hospitals related to drug classes Benzodiazepine (13.1 Percent) and Long-acting metabolites (6.2 Percent) and the teaching hospitals Benzodiazepine (9 Percent) and Anti-diabetic (2.7 Percent).Prescribed inappropriate drugs have had a significant relationship with the type of hospitalization section and the length of patients’ residence in the teaching hospitals while the number of inappropriate drugs prescribed was increased as the number of diseases of the elderly in non- teaching hospitals was increased significantly. Discussion: The rate of prescribing inappropriate medications among nursing was not considered in good standing. It seems that the introduction of screening tools can improve the accuracy of medication administration and physician partners and in addition to improving the quality of prescribing in the elderly it is required to design a comprehensive instruction for the country.

Background: Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan that causes a zoonotic disease which is dangerous if suffered by immunodeficient patients or pregnant women. Primary infection in pregnant women can cause abortion, intra uterine foetal death (IUFD) or birth defects. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of antibodies to T. gondii among pregnant women in Badung regency, Bali and identify potential risk factors for infection. Methods: Between July and October 2013, 330 pregnant women were surveyed and tested for IgG antibodies to T. gondii by ELISA test, and risk factors were calculated. Results: Thirty-six women (10.9%) were positive for T. gondii antibodies. The prevalence of antibodies to T. gondii was found to be significantly associated with keeping house cats, cleaning up of cat excrement, frequency of consumption of lawar (a Balinese dish containing raw meat) and consumption of raw meat. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that prevalence of T. gondii in Balinese pregnant women was high, with identified risk factors being house cat ownership and care, and consumption of raw meat. As many of the pregnant women studied were unaware of the risk factors for toxoplasmosis, a major education campaign, promoting healthy life style choices for primary prevention of T. gondii infection, is needed in Bali.

Background: Urinary incontinence is extremely common complaint in every part of the world. It causes a great deal of distress and embarrassment, as well as significant cost, to both individual and societies. Urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapsed commonly coexist. The prevalence of women presenting with pelvic organ prolapsed are also diagnosed with urinary incontinence was 25-35% and some studies shows higher prevalence Urinary incontinence gives significant impact on social and productivity of the women. Objective: To determine the prevalence of urinary incontinence in women with pelvic organ prolapsed. Methods: This study is a descriptive study in 67 samples in women with pelvic organ prolapsed. Samples were obtained non-randomly by using consecutive sampling. All samples were examined using Pelvic Organ Prolepses Quantification (POPQ) procedure to measure degrees of prolapsed. An interview, measurement of residual urine, stress test, bladder diary recording, and urinalysis were performed to investigate presence of urinary incontinence and its type.  The data obtained analyzed descriptively for baseline characteristic and to determine its prevalence of urinary incontinence. Results:Prevalence of urinary incontinence in women with pelvic organ prolapsed was 37,32% , consist of 31,32% stress type, 1.49% overactive bladder, and 4.47% overflow incontinence. There was no mixed urinary incontinence found in this study. Prevalence of urinary incontinence was 16.42% and 20.90% on those with I-II degrees and III- IV degrees of pelvic organ prolapsed respectively. Conclusion: Prevalence of urinary incontinence in women with pelvic organ prolapsed was 37,32%.

Background: To know role of CGRP, PGP 9.5, and TH to pathogenesis mechanism of change in vaginal epithelial mucous of Wistar mouse with decreases estrogen level. Method: Randomized posttest only control group design. Treatment group is wistar mouse post bilateral ovariectomy that given estrogen. Control group is wistar mouse post bilateral ovariectomy that not given estrogen. Results: We use 34 sample of Wistar mouse (Rattus norvegicus) and divided further to 2 group of 17 treatment mouse and 17 control group. We analyzed expression CGRP, PGP 9.5, and TH in both group. It Shown CGRP expression in control group significantly different compared with treatment group, PGP 9.5 expression in control group higher compared to treatment group, TH expression of control group higher compared to treatment group. Conclusion: Estrogen decreased expression of CGRP, PGP 9.5, and TH. CGRP is the most affected by estrogen compared to PGP 9.5 and TH. 

Objective:The intra arterial heparin flushing ( IAHF ) is one of  the endovascular procedure that in facts have benefit effect to improving the motoric function after acute ischemic stroke, but the exact mechanism not yet known clearly. The L-glutamate is a neurotransmitter that have important role in the brain metabolism. How the profile of L-glutamate after IAHF not yet published. The purpose of this study is to know how the IAHF affect the Glutamate concentration in the blood and muscle function which measured by Manual Muscle Testing-Medical Research Councils (MMT-MRC) in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients.

Method: The thirty nine patients of acute ischemic stroke that admitted to hospital, was studied of L-Glutamate serum profile. The patients grouping depend on onset ( <7 days, 7-14 days after stroke onset ), site of infarction ( cortical and subcortical ), and size of infarction ( lacunar and wide infarct ). The outcome of motoric function was recorded and measured by MRCs ( Motoric Research Council Scale ; 0-5 ) in the arm weakness, MRCs < 18 ; severe, 18-23; moderate, 24-29; mild ). The L-glutamate serum level measured before and after IAHF.

Results:Characteristic of sample = Onset : <7 days =  Before : 19,51±6,74. After : 20,64±7,45. P = 0,474. 7-14 days =Before : 18,70±6,08, After :22,70±7,72, p=0,046.Site of infarction; cortical = Before : 21,63±9,55, After : 25,94±8,22.P = 0,098; Subcortical = Before : 18,32±4,3,after : 19,69±6,58. p = 0,370. Size of infarct : Lacunar = before : 18,32±4,3.After : 19,69±6,48. p= 0,370. Non-Lacunar = Before : 21,63±9,55. After : 25,94±8,22, p = 0,098. Muscle Strength : MRCs < 18 = before : 16,68±5,13, after : 19,67±5,72, p= 0,060. MRCs (Upper Arms) 18-23; Before : 24,70±4,72, After : 27,95±6,93, p = 0,372. MRCs 24-29;  Before : 18,17±6,93 After : 20,53±7,89, p = 0,248.

Conclusion:The L-glutamate serum level was increasing after IAHF, but not significantly different according to the all of group in this study.

Keywords:L-glutamate, acute ischemic stroke, IAHF, muscle strength

Background: Traveler’s diarrhea is the most common disease of tourists who pay a visit to developing country. Bali is one of island located in Indonesia where the number of tourists visit from various countries continue to increase. This study aimed to evaluate risk factors of traveler’s diarrhea incidence on foreign tourists in Bali. Methods: A case control study performed on 137 foreign tourists who visit Bali through Ngurah Rai International Airport, Denpasar, Bali. Case and control group selected with convenience method, 35 samples and 102 samples for case and control group, respectively. Traveler’s diarrhea incidence determined based on interview. All data analyzed descriptively and analytically with univariate and multivariate analysis. Results: Risk factors of traveler’s diarrhea on foreign tourists in Bali were tourist’s age, length of stay, and hand washing behavior. Conclusions: The incidence rate of traveler’s diarrhea is related with environment sanitation, so it may be advisable to health authority, especially Puskesmas (primary health services), to encourage environmental sanitation monitoring program on public areas such as markets, stalls, inns, and hotels.

Background: Perinatal asphyxia is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in neonates in developing countries, with an incidence of 1 to 6 per 1,000 live full-term births. It is the second most common cause of neonatal death in Indonesia. Antepartum and intrapartum risk factors have been shown to be associated with perinatal asphyxia. Objective: Our study aimed to determine various factors leading to birth asphyxia among term newborns so that an improvement in newborn asphyxia care planning, analysis. and organization can be made. Methods: It was a retrospective case-control study, conducted at Neonatal Care Unit of the pediatric ward (level I, II, III) in Sanglah General Hospital, the teaching hospital of Udayana University School of Medicine. The data was collected from January to December 2015. The case was neonates diagnosed with birth asphyxia, and the control was neonates without birth asphyxia. The demographic data of both the mother and the neonate were collected from their medical records. All data was entered and analyzed with SPSS 19. Result: As many as 70 neonates were recruited in the study. They were equally divided into case and control group. A multivariate analysis showed instrumental delivery OR 5.51 (95%CI 1.24-24.48, p=0.025), meconium stained amniotic fluid OR 7.58 (95%CI 1.56-36.65, p=0.012), and prolonged rupture of membranes OR 10.61 (95%CI 1.81-62.08 p=0.009) were significant risk factors of perinatal asphyxia in a term newborn. Conclusion: Instrumental delivery, meconium-stained amniotic fluid, and prolonged rupture of membranes were the risk factors of perinatal asphyxia in a term newborn. Early identification of high-risk cases and appropriate measure taken could help in reducing the incidence of perinatal asphyxia.

Background: In this article, we decided to introduce an available, affordable and biocompatible material from human teeth using nanotechnology to repair bone defects. Totally impacted wisdom teeth of human, which had been removed by surgery, were prepared as powder in two particle sizes of 500 micron and nano (up to 100 nm) after sterilization. Method: Test cases were eight white rabbits of New Zealand species that were divided into 2 groups. Pores with 6 × 6 mm dimensions were created at hamstring area of tibia bone. In left leg tibia’s pore, nanoparticles powder and in the right leg tibia’s pore, micro particles powders were placed. The groups of two were sacrificed after 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks. Samples underwent histomorphometric analysis and radiological analysis. The results showed the superiority of nano-groups in the percentage of new bone formation (26.62±10.88) over micro-groups (14.36±8.4) to (P-value = 0.015). Obtained Hounsfield number for micro-particle group was 2477±480 and for nanoparticle group was 1387±429 (p-value = 0.001). The differences in value soft bone vitality, inflammation, and foreign body reaction were not significant between the two groups of micro and nano. In micro particle group, despite suitable biocompatibility and Osseo integration, due to higher density and degree of crystalline, absorption and replacement rates by new bone and overall percentage of new bone formed were lower than nano group.

Background: Metastatic breast cancer is a cancer which grows and develops in other tissues or organs with the nature and type of cancer similar to its origin. The prevalence of metastatic breast cancer is quite high increase in the overall incidence rate of approximately 1.5% per year. Cancer metastatic is one of the factors increasing mortality and morbidity in patients with a low cure rate (30%).  Evidence suggests that breast cancer is affected by genetics and non-genetics (epigenetic).  Gene promoter polymorphisms of  MMP-9 is one of the genetic factors that play a role in breast cancer metastatic. This research was conducted with the aim of whether the polymorphism C-1589T and G-1665A on MMP-9 gene promoter and high levels are a risk factor for breast cancer metastatic.  Methods:  This research has been done with cross sectional and case control study. Sixty six patient of breast cancer devided in two groups, thirty three with metastatic used as a samples and thirty three without metastatic used as a controls.  PCR and sequencing techniques were used to presence of polymorphism and ELISA techniques used to determined levels of MMP-9 enzyme. Results: The research found C-1589T polymorphism (genotype-CT) and G-1665A (genotype-GA) and also with both genotype-CT and genotipe-GA (genotype-CT/GA).  Genotypes were found to be associated with the occurrence of breast cancer by 51%.  C-1589T polymorphism (genotype-CT) and G-1665A polymorphism (genotype-GA) increased levels of MMP-9 but were not risk factor for breast cancer metastatic (OR= 1.61; 95% CI= 0.41-6.34; p= 0.367) and (OR= 1.86; 95%CI= 0.62-5.61; p= 0.204). While polymorphism with both genotype (genotype-CT/GA) increasing levels of MMP-9 and indicated risk factor for breast cancer metastatic (OR= 8.62; CI95%= 0.99-74.57: p=0.027). Conclusions: Polymorphism with genotype-CT, genotype-GA and genotype-CT/GA found about 51% on breast cancer Balinese Tribe.  Enzyme levels found to be higher in cases than in controls but not significantly different.  Polymorphism with genotype-GA and genotype-CT increase levels of MMP-9 enzyme but not as risk factor for metastatic cancer while genotype-CT/GA increases levels of the enzyme MMP-9 and as a risk factor for breast cancer metastatic in Balinese Tribe.  

Background: Stevens - Johnson syndrome (SJS) and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN) are currently regarded to be same disease entity which differs only in the extent and severity of epidermal sloughing. Both are potentially life-threatening mucocutaneous immunologic reaction, which are most frequently induced by drug consumption. The epithelial destruction of skin and mucosal membrane can cause both acute as well as chronic/ long term outcomes in term of  late sequelae during the course of the disease. Sequelae often occur during the late phase of SJS/TEN and become a significant problem due its chronicity and severe degree of impairment, which leads to deterioration of quality of life for the patients. This may prevented or decreased in terms of intensity if the patient’s received prompt and sufficient topical therapy, particularly in managing lesions on the mucosa of the eye, oral, and genital. Objective : This review underlines topical therapies which could be delivered for management of mucocutaneous lesions from SJS/ TEN, aimed to prevent late sequelae due to SJS – TEN in order to improve the life quality of SJS – TEN survivors. Conclusion: SJS/ TEN frequently lead to late sequeale which includes skin, ocular, oral, and genital involvement. These sequelaes are often severe and chonic. Thus, may cause significant decrease in quality of life of SJS/TEN survivors. It is therefore most important to detect them early in order to manage them adequately. To date, we still have an impression that the specific sequelae of SJS – TEN are often late diagnosed and insufficiently treated. Finally, we want to emphasize that for mucosal involvement in particular, such as ocular, genital and oral involvement, a careful topical treatment have to be taken into special consideration in order to prevent severe late sequelae. 

Background: Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder. This study was aimed to investigate the epidemiological features of epilepsy patients admitted to neurology ward of Shahid Saddoughi hospital, Yazd, Iran.  Methods: In an epidemiological descriptive study the data of 121 epilepsy patients admitted in neurology ward of hospital during 2015 and 2016 was gathered from hospital records and telephone contacts with patients or their families in some cases. The gathered data was analyzed trough SPSS16 and by using descriptive statistics. Results: 50.4% of studied patients were in the age group below 10 years old and 57% of them were female. The majority of research sample (84.3%) had less than high school education. The type of disease was generalized tonic-colonic epilepsy in 76% of patients. In 49.6% of studied patients, epilepsy was idiopathic and 87.7% of them had been admitted in hospital due to seizure. Also a single drug treatment had been prescribed for 60.3% of studied patients. Conclusion: Based on our results in the studied population the prevalence of epilepsy is more common among children, females and people with lower education. Also, the general and idiopathic types of epilepsy are more common. 

Background: Tolosa-Hunt syndrome is a rare case, characterized by tenderness, persistent around the affected eye and ophthalmoplegia /paresis caused by granulomatous inflammation in the cavernous sinus region, supra orbital or orbital fissure. Although spontaneous remission may occur, even corticosteroid therapy has a very satisfactory effect. However, relapse can occur after remission. We report a case of granulomatous Tolosa-Hunt syndrome in women aged 47 years who suffer from recurrent Tolosa-Hunt syndrome attacks for 4 years on his left eye, there was a significant recovery after receiving steroid therapy. Case:  We report A 47 years old with recurrent pain in the left eye since 4 years, pain episode duration of 1-2 weeks, accompanied by double vision when having long or short distance viewing, and when climbing stairs. The patient left eye was protruded with blurred vision and difficulty in distinguishing green color. Left eye examination vision 1/300, green color discromatopsia, normal funduscopic, ptosis, with paresis eye movement toward the superior, inferior, nasal and temporal. C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate were slightly elevated. ANA test was positive. In visual evoked potential, it showed latency elongation of the left face. Head MRI with contrast showed a isointense protrusion on the left cavernous sinus in axial cuts in T1 and T2. Head MRI T1 with contrast on coronal, axial cuts showed the appearance of convex lesions around the left cavernous sinus that enhanced with contrast. Conclusions: The result was clinically and radiographically diagnosed as Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome (THS). Therefore, 10 mg dexamethasone therapy, 4 times a day for 3 days was lowered to three times on day 4, 2 times on the fifth day and one time at day 6. The patient showed clinical improvement. The patient continued 48 mg oral methylprednisolone therapy up to 3 weeks which then gradually decreased and planned head MRI 3 months later.

Trigeminal neuralgia is a debilitating pain syndrome with a distinct symptom mainly excruciating facial pain that tends to come and go unpredictably in sudden shock-like attacks. Medical management remains the primary treatment for classical trigeminal neuralgia. When medical therapy failed, surgery with microvascular decompression can be performed. Radiosurgery can be offered for classical trigeminal neuralgia patients who are not surgical candidate or surgery refusal and they should not in acute pain condition. Radiosurgery is widely used because of good therapeutic result and low complication rate. Weakness of this technique is a latency period, which is time required for pain relief. It usually ranges from 1 to 2 months. This review enlightens the important role of radiosurgery in the treatment of classical trigeminal neuralgia.