Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer

Myocardial pathological changes in overtraining exercise

  • Made Kurnia Widiastuti Giri ,
  • Ketut Indra Purnomo ,
  • Muchsin Doewes ,
  • Bambang Purwanto ,
  • Ambar Mudigdo ,


Abstract

Background: An overtraining or a practice of an excessive intensity without a sufficient recovery period may induce myocardial injury. Objective: The aim of this study was to reveal myocardial changes in overtrained rats through a histo-pathobiological analysis. Methods: We enrolled 24 male Wistar rats for 6 weeks. As many as 8 rats or the control group swam 15 minute/day, 5 days/week. The overtrained group consisted of 24 rats swam for 90 minutes, twice a day, daily. After sacrificing, the hearts were excised for pathological preparation slides. Results: The overtrained group’s slides showed an increase in chromatin fragmentation in the myocardial structure. The left ventricle wall thickness was also greater in overtrained groups than the control. Necrotic bodies were found in the myocardium of overtrained groups, but none in the control group. Conclusion: We found the negative effects of an overtraining to the myocardium. Avoiding overtraining is necessary to avoid a myocardial injury.

Keywords: excessive training myocardial injury

References

  1. Naci Husyein And Loannidis JPA 2013 Comparative Effectiveness Of Exercise And Drug Interventions On Mortality Outcomes: Metaepidemiological Study British Medical Journal 347 5577
  2. Da Silva A and Sharma S 2014 Exercise, the Athlete’s Heart, and Sudden Cardiac Death The Physician and Sportsmedicine 42
  3. Kwak HB 2013 Aging, exercise, and extracellular matrix in the heart. Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation 9 338-347
  4. Egan B and Zierath JR 2013 Exercise Metabolism and the Molecular Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Adaptation Cell Metabolism 17 162-85.
  5. Gerche A, Land Heidbuchel H 2014 Can Intense Endurance Exercise Cause Myocardial Damage and Fibrosis? Exercise and Cardiac Injury Circulation 130 992-1002
  6. World Health Organization 2010 Global Recommendations for Physical Activity On Health WHO Library Publicating Data Switzerland.
  7. Swift DL, Lavie CJ, Johannsen NM, Arena R, Earnest CP, O’Keefe JH, Milani RV, Blair SN and Church TS 2013 Physical Activity, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, and Exercise Training in Primary and Secondary Coronary Prevention Circulation Journal 77 287-292
  8. Pelliccia A, Faqard R, Bjornstad HH, Anastassakis A, Arbustini E, et al 2005. Recommendations for competitive sports participation in athletes with cardiovascular disease: a consensus document from the Study Group of Sports Cardiology of the Working Group of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology and the Working Group of Myocardial and Pericardial Eur Heart J 26 1422-145
  9. Goto S and Radak Z 2010 Hormetic Effects Of Reactive Oxygen Species By Exercise: A View From Animal Studies For Successful Aging In Human Dose-Response 8 68–72
  10. Hawley JA, Hargreaves M,Joyner MJ and Zierath JR 2014 Integrative Biology of Exercise Cell 159 738-750
  11. Hackney AC and Koltun KJ 2012 The Immune System And Overtraining In Athletes: Clinical Implications Acta Clinical Croatia 51 633-641
  12. Stoiber W, Obermayer S, Steinbacher P and Krautgartner WD 2015 The Role of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in the Formation of Extracellular Traps (ETs) in Humans Biomolecules 5 702-723
  13. Marin DP, Bolin Ap, Campoio Tr, Guerra Ba, And Otton R 2013 Oxidative Stress And Antioxidant Status Response Of Handball Athletes: Implications For Sport Training Monitoring International Immunopharmacology 17 462–470
  14. Kerksick C and Willoughby D 2005 The Antioxidant Role of Glutathione and N-Acetyl-Cysteine Supplements and Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 2 38-44
  15. Meeusen R, Duclos M, Foster FC, Fry A, Gleeson M, Nieman D, Raglin D, Rietjens G, Steinacker J and Urhausen A 2013 Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of the Overtraining Syndrome: Joint Consensus Statement of the European College of Sport Science and the American College of Sports Medicine Medicine & Science In Sports & Exercise 45 186-208.
  16. Kreher JB and Schwartz JB 2012 Overtraining Syndrome: A Practical Guide Sports Health 4 128-138
  17. Pingitore A, Lima GPP, Mastorci F, Quinones A, Iervasi G,and Vassalle C 201. Exercise and oxidative stress: Potential effects of antioxidant dietary strategies in sports Nutrition 31 916–922
  18. Harmon KG, Asif IM and Drezner JA 2011 Incidence of Sudden Cardiac Death in National Collegiate Athletic Association Athlete Circulation 123 1594
  19. Harmon KG, Drezner JA, Wilson MG 2014 Incidence of sudden cardiac death in athletes British Journal Sports Medicine 48 1185–1192
  20. Chandra N, Bastiaenen R, Papadakis M and Sharma S 2013 Sudden Cardiac Death in Young Athletes Practical Challenges and Diagnostic Dilemmas Journal of the American College of Cardiology 61
  21. Chugh SS and Weiss JB 2015 Sudden Cardiac Death in the Older Athlete Journal Of The American College Of Cardiology 65
  22. De Noronha SV, Sharma S, Papadakis M, Desai S, Whyte G, and Sheppard MN, 2009. Aetiology of sudden cardiac death in athletes in the United Kingdom: a pathological study Heart (British Cardiac Society) 95 1409-14
  23. Drezner JA, Harmon KG, and Marek JC 2014 Incidence Of Sudden Cardiac Arrest In Minnesota High School Student Athletes: The Limitations Of Catastrophic Insurance Claims Jornal of American College Cardiology 63 1455–6.
  24. Charan J and KatharinaND 2013 How To Calculate Sample Size In Animal Studies? Journal Of Pharmachology And Pharmacotheurapics 4 303-306
  25. Bogdanova OV, Kanekar S, D'Anci KE and Renshaw PF 2013 Factors influencing behavior in the forced swim test Physiology and Behaviour 118 227–239
  26. Can A, Dao DT, Arad M, Terrillion CE, Piantadosi SC and GouldTD 2012 The Mouse Forced Swim Test Journal of Visualized Experiments 59 e3638.
  27. Oláh A, Németh BT, Mátyás C, Horváth EM, Hidi L, Birtalan E, Kellermayer D, Ruppert M, Merkely G, Szabo G, Merkely B and Radovits T 2015 Cardiac effects of acute exhaustive exercise in a rat model International Journal of Cardiology 82 258–266
  28. Hadjipour N 2011 Histopathological Comparison of Gentamycin and Amikacin Nephrotoxicity in Rabbits.Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 10 1003-1006.
  29. Abbas AK, Litchman AH, Pillai S 2012 Cellular and Molecular immunology 7th Edition. United States of America:Elsevier Saunders,pp: 75-78, 106, 169.
  30. Kumar V, Abbas K, and Aster JC 2013 Robbin and Cotran Basic Pathology. Ninth Edition. Canada: Elsevier Saunders, pp:13-16, 19, 29-49, 68-69.
  31. Mc Ardle WD, Katch FI, and Katch FI, 2010. Functional Capasity of The Cardiovascular System : Cardiac Output During Exercise. Exercise Physiology 7th Edition; Chapter 17 p : 343-6.
  32. Mahdiabadi J , Gaeini A A , Kazemi T And Mahdiabadi M A 2013 The Effect Of Aerobic Continuous And Interval Training On Left Ventricular Structure And Function In Male Non-Athletes.Biology Of Sport 30 207-209
  33. Urso ML and Clarkson PM 2003 Oxidative stress, exercise, and antioxidant supplementation Toxicology 189 41-54
  34. Abel EDand Doenst T 2011. Mitochondrial adaptations to physiological vs. pathological cardiac hypertrophy.Cardiovascular Research 90 234-42
  35. Jin CH, Paik YI, Kwak YS, Jee YS and Kim YJ 2015 Exhaustive submaximal endurance and resistance exercises induce temporary immunosuppression via physical and oxidative stress Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation 11 198-203
  36. Lin X, Jiang C, Luo Z and Qu S 2013 Protective effect of Erythropoietin on renal injury induced in rats by four weeks of exhaustive exercise BioMed Central (BMC) Nephrology 14 130
  37. Xiaou W, Chen P and Dong J 2012 Effects of Overtraining on Skeletal Muscle Growth and Gene Expression International Journal Sports Medicine 33 846–853
  38. Kadaja L, Eimre M and Paju L 2010 Impaired oxidative phosphorylation in overtrained rat myocardium Exp Clin Cardiol 15
  39. Ferraresso RLP, De Oliveira RB, Macedo DV, Nunes LAS, Brenzikofer R, Damas D and Hohl R 2012 Interaction between Overtraining and the Interindividual Variability May (Not) Trigger Muscle Oxidative Stress and Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis in Rats. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity doi:10.1155/2012/935483
  40. Almeida SAd, Claudio ERG, Mengal VF, Oliveira SGd, and Merlo E 2014 Exercise Training Reduces Cardiac Dysfunction and Remodeling in Ovariectomized Rats Submitted to Myocardial Infarction PLoS ONE 9 e115970
  41. Benito B, Jordi G G, Mollar AS 2011 Cardiac arrhythmogenic remodeling in a rat model of long- term intensive exercise training Circulation 123 13-22
  42. George K, Whyte GP, Green DJ, Oxborough D, Shave RE, Gaze D and Somauroo J 2012 The endurance athletes heart: acute stress and chronic adaptation British Journal Of Sport 46 i29–i36.
  43. Flora R, Ferdinal F, Hernowo BS, Wanandi SI, Sadikin M, and Freisleben HJ 2013 Myocardial damage after continuous aerobic and anaerobic exercise in rat.Medica Journal Indonesia 7 209-15

How to Cite

Giri, M. K. W., Purnomo, K. I., Doewes, M., Purwanto, B., & Mudigdo, A. (2017). Myocardial pathological changes in overtraining exercise. Bali Medical Journal, 6(3), 505–508. https://doi.org/10.15562/bmj.v6i3.547
ACM ACS APA ABNT Chicago Harvard IEEE MLA Turabian Vancouver
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS) BibTeX

HTML
5

Total
18

Share

Search Panel

Made Kurnia Widiastuti Giri
Google Scholar
Pubmed
BMJ Journal

Ketut Indra Purnomo
Google Scholar
Pubmed
BMJ Journal

Muchsin Doewes
Google Scholar
Pubmed
BMJ Journal

Bambang Purwanto
Google Scholar
Pubmed
BMJ Journal

Ambar Mudigdo
Google Scholar
Pubmed
BMJ Journal