Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer

Validity test of pre-screening developmental questionnaire (PDQ) and mother and child health (MCH) handbook for determining children's readiness to enter elementary school

  • Nurani Widianti ,
  • Ahmad Suryawan ,
  • Mira Irmawati ,


Abstract

Introduction: Many experts have tried to invent appropriate measures for deciding children’s school readiness, one of which is the Nijmeegse Schoolbekwaamheids Test (NST). Unfortunately, it conveys several troubles such as being time-consuming, expensive, and uncomfortable for children. Meanwhile, the majority of parents have been accustomed to the pre-screening developmental questionnaire (PDQ) and mother and child health (MCH) handbook to monitor their children's development. The present study aimed to examine the PDQ and MCH handbook’s validity for determining children’s readiness to enter elementary school based on sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value.

Methods: The study used a descriptive-observational research approach with a cross-sectional research design conducted from March to May 2022. Data were obtained from the completed PDQ, MCH handbook, and NST forms. The data were analyzed using the Chi-squared test to contrast the results of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value between variables to reveal whether the PDQ and MCH handbook were valid to be used besides the NST.

Results: There was a relationship between children’s readiness to enter elementary school based on PDQ and NST (p < .05) and the MCH handbook and NST (p < .05). The sensitivity of children’s readiness to enter elementary school based on PDQ was 96.2% with the specificity of 50%, the positive predictive value of 96.2%, and the negative predictive value of 50%. Moreover, the sensitivity of children’s readiness to enter elementary school based on the MCH handbook was 80% with a specificity of 75%, a positive predictive value of 97.7%, and a negative predictive value of 23.1%.

Conclusion: The PDQ and MCH handbook can help Indonesian parents define their children’s readiness to enter elementary school as it is more reachable and applicable.

Keywords: MCH handbook NST school readiness PDQ

References

  1. Nurhayati W. Pengembangan instrumen kesiapan bersekolah dan pemetaan kesiapan bersekolah pada anak usia dini di Indonesia (Development of school readiness instruments and mapping of school readiness for early childhood in Indonesia). Indonesian Journal of Educational Assessment. 2018;1:11–22.
  2. Rahmawati A. Kesiapan anak untuk memasuki sekolah (Children's readiness to enter school). Jurnal Psikologi. 2018;12:201–10.
  3. Cuskelly M & Detering N. Teacher and student teacher perspectives of school readiness. Australian Journal of Early Childhood. 2003;28(2):39-46.
  4. Hoskisson K. Reading readiness: Three viewpoints. The Elementary School Journal. 1997;78(1):45-52.
  5. Mollborn S & Dennis JA. Explaining the Early Development and Health of Teen Mothers’ Children 1. In Sociological Forum. 2012;27(4):1010-1036.
  6. Nakajima N, Hasan A, Jung H, Brinkman S, Pradhan M & Kinnell A. Investing in school readiness: A comparison of different early childhood education pathways in rural Indonesia. International Journal of Educational Development. 2019;69:22-38.2.
  7. Prado EL, Sebayang SK, Apriatni M, Adawiyah SR, Hidayati N, Islamiyah A. Maternal multiple micronutrient supplementation and other biomedical and socioenvironmental influences on children's cognition at age 9–12 years in Indonesia: follow-up of the SUMMIT randomised trial. The Lancet Global Health. 2017;5(2):e217-e228.
  8. Nurhayati W. Transisi ke sekolah dasar dan kesiapan bersekolah: studi eksplorasi pada orang tua (Transition to primary school and school readiness: an exploratory study in parents). National Conference on Educational Assessment and Policy. 2018;1:19-22.
  9. Tucker-Drob EM, Briley DA & Harden KP. Genetic and environmental influences on cognition across development and context. Current directions in psychological science. 2013;22(5):349-355.
  10. National Education Goals Panel & United States of America. National Education Goals Report, Executive Summary: Improving Education Through Family-School-Community Partnerships. 1995.
  11. Piotrkowski CS, Botsko M & Matthews E. Parents’ and teachers’ beliefs about children’s school readiness in a high-need community. Early childhood research quarterly. 2000;15(4):537-558.
  12. Marwati E, Hasan S & Andriani D. Kesiapan Memasuki Sekolah Dasar Pada Anak di TKIT Attaqwa Gumawang Tahun 2016. Indonesian Journal of Educational Counseling. 2017;1(1):93-108.
  13. Mariyati LI, Affandi GR & Afandi R. Elementary School Students. International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation. 2020;24(09).
  14. Affandi GR & Mariyati. Uji validitas bender-gestalt test dengan menggunakan Nijmeegse Schoolbekwaamheids Test (NST) sebagai kriteria untuk mendeteksi kesiapan anak masuk sekolah dasar (Test the validity of the bender-gestalt test using the Nijmeegse Schoolbekwaamheids Test (NST) as a criterion to detect the readiness of children to enter primary school). Jurnal Psikologi dan Kesehatan Mental. 2018;2:84-95.
  15. Hairina Y. Profil Kesiapan Sekolah Anak Prasekolah Memasuki Sekolah Dasar Berdasarkan Nijmeegse Schoolbekwaamheids Test (NST): Studi di SDIT Ukhuwah Banjarmasin Tahun 2017 (Profile of Preschool Children's School Readiness Entering Elementary School Based on Nijmeegse Schoolbekwaamheids Test (NST): Study at SDIT Ukhuwah Banjarmasin in 2017). Jurnal Studi Gender dan Anak. 2017;4(1).
  16. Aryanti L. Pemanfaatan rumput laut Sargassum sp. sebagai adsorben limbah cair industri rumah tangga perikanan (Utilization of Sargassum sp. as an adsorbent for domestic fishery industry wastewater). 2011.
  17. Kustimah, Abidin FAA & Kusumawati D. Gambaran kesiapan anak masuk sekolah dasar ditinjau dari hasil tes NST (Nijmeegse Schoolbekwaamheids Test) (An overview of children's readiness to enter primary school in terms of the results of the NST test (Nijmeegse Schoolbekwaamheids Test)). Jurnal Psikologi Universitas Gadjah Mada. 2007;1-29.
  18. Dekker R. Childhood, memory and autobiography in Holland: From the golden age to romanticism. Springer. 2019.
  19. Mariyati LI & Affandi GR. Tepatkah nijmeegse schoolbekwaamheids test (NST) untuk mengukur kesiapan sekolah siswa sekolah dasar awal pada konteks Indonesia? (Analisis empirik berdasar teori tes klasik) (Is the nijmeegse schoolbekwaamheids test (NST) appropriate to measure the school readiness of early elementary school students in the Indonesian context? (Empirical analysis based on classical test theory). Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi Terapan. 2016;4(2):194-211.
  20. Lutfiya I & Purnomo W. Identification Validity Early Detection of Child Development Using Indonesian MCH Handbook. Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development. 2019;10(8):1819-1824.
  21. Frankenburg WK, van Doorninck WJ, Liddell TN & Dick NP. The Denver prescreening developmental questionnaire (PDQ). Pediatrics. 1979;57(5):744-753.
  22. Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. Pedoman pelaksanaan stimulasi, deteksi, dan intervensi dini tumbuh kembang anak di tingkat pelayanan kesehatan dasar. Kementerian Kesehatan RI. 2012;4:42-43
  23. Damayanti M. Kuesioner Praskrining Perkembangan (KPSP) Anak (Children’s PDQ). Sari Pediatri. 2006;8(1):9-15.
  24. Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. Buku Kesehatan Ibu dan Anak. Kementerian Kesehatan RI. 2021;4: 52-53
  25. Hairina Y. Profil Kesiapan Sekolah Anak Prasekolah Memasuki Sekolah Dasar Berdasarkan Nijmeegse Schoolbekwaamheids Test (NST): Studi di SDIT Ukhuwah Banjarmasin Tahun 2017 (Profile of Preschool Children's School Readiness Entering Elementary School Based on Nijmeegse Schoolbekwaamheids Test (NST): Study at SDIT Ukhuwah Banjarmasin in 2017). Jurnal Studi Gender dan Anak. 2017;4(1).
  26. Vera A, Praudyani R, Asnatasia E & Dahlan UA. Pelatihan Nijmeegse Schoolbekwan Test untuk deteksi dini kesiapan anak masuk sekolah dasar (Nijmeegse Schoolbekwan Test training for early detection of children's readiness to enter primary school). Jurnal Pemberdayaan Yogyakarta. 2018;2:221–34.
  27. Mariyati LI. Inteligensi dan kesiapan anak masuk sekolah dasar (Intelligence and readiness of children to enter elementary school). PSYCHE: Jurnal Psikologi. 2018;1:1–12.
  28. Barbara M & Syaidah AI. Skrining perkembangan anak usia 5-6 tahun dengan Kuesioner Pra Skrining Perkembangan (KPSP) (Screening the development of children aged 5-6 years with the Pre-Development Screening Questionnaire (PDQ)). Jurnal Asuhan Ibu dan Anak. 2022;7(1):37-44.
  29. Utami S, Susilaningrum R & Purwanti D. Optimalisasi tumbuh kembang bayi dan balita melalui pemberdayaan keluarga dalam pemanfaatan buku KIA di Surabaya (Optimizing the growth and development of infants and toddlers through family empowerment in the use of MCH books in Surabaya). Jurnal ABDI. 2021; 7(1):139-142.

How to Cite

Nurani Widianti, Ahmad Suryawan, & Mira Irmawati. (2023). Validity test of pre-screening developmental questionnaire (PDQ) and mother and child health (MCH) handbook for determining children’s readiness to enter elementary school. Bali Medical Journal, 12(1), 211–217. https://doi.org/10.15562/bmj.v12i1.3987
ACM ACS APA ABNT Chicago Harvard IEEE MLA Turabian Vancouver
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS) BibTeX

HTML
3

Total
2

Share

Search Panel

Nurani Widianti
Google Scholar
Pubmed
BMJ Journal

Ahmad Suryawan
Google Scholar
Pubmed
BMJ Journal

Mira Irmawati
Google Scholar
Pubmed
BMJ Journal