Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer

Description of screen time and dry eye syndrome in medical students of UIN Alauddin Makassar

  • Ulfah Rimayanti ,
  • Gita Yustika ,
  • Sri Rezki Wahdania Jamaluddin ,


Abstract

Link of Video Abstract: https://youtu.be/-B5Z8H6e4o0

 

Background: During pandemic, the amount of screen time in individuals is tremendously expanding. Excessive screen time may result in eye blinks reduction, tears evaporation, and eventually dry eye syndrome (DES). This study aims to show the descriptions of the duration of screen time and dry eye symptoms in medical students during the pandemic.

Methods: This study uses a descriptive and cross-sectional methods.  The subjects were students of The School of Medicine at UIN Alauddin Makassar, who were undergoing online learning. The data were collected through a questionnaire containing subjects' activities using gadgets per day and the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) to assess dry eye symptoms. Ophthalmological examinations for DES (blink rate, tear meniscus height, tear break-up time, Schirmer test) were also performed on the study subjects.

Results: Most of the subjects are female and 22 years old. The average screen time of the subjects was 17.7 hours per day. Two subjects (4.55%) had mild dry eye symptoms, 14 subjects (31.82%) had moderate dry eye symptoms, and 28 subjects (63.64%), had severe dry eye symptoms. This study also found that the average blink rate of the subjects was 11.36±7.45 times per minute, and the average TBUT value was 10.58±2.69 seconds. Schirmer 1 examination showed a value with a mean of 23.67±12.76 mm, and Schirmer 2 examination showed a value of 20.21±11.64 mm.

Conclusion: The average screen time of the subjects was 17.7 hours. Most subjects had severe dry eye symptoms (63.64%) and low blink rate (59.09%).

Keywords: dry eye pandemic screen time

References

  1. Prabowo H, Purwani Dewi M. Intercorrelation of insomnia, sleep duration, internet use duration and internet addiction on millennial in Jakarta. Dinasti International Journal of Education Management and Social Science. 2020;1(5). Available from: https://dinastipub.org/DIJEMSS
  2. Akkaya S, Atakan T, Acikalin B, Aksoy S, Ozkurt Y. Effects of long-term computer use on eye dryness. North Clin Istanb. 2018;5(4):319–22. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30859162
  3. Stapleton F, Alves M, Bunya VY, Jalbert I, Lekhanont K, Malet F, et al. TFOS DEWS II Epidemiology Report. Ocul Surf. 2017;15(3):334–65. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtos.2017.05.003
  4. Alves M, Dias AC, Rocha EM. Dry Eye in Childhood: Epidemiological and Clinical Aspects. Ocul Surf. 2008;6(1):44–51. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1542-0124(12)70104-0
  5. Uchino M, Schaumberg DA, Dogru M, Uchino Y, Fukagawa K, Shimmura S, et al. Prevalence of Dry Eye Disease among Japanese Visual Display Terminal Users. Ophthalmology. 2008;115(11):1982–8. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2008.06.022
  6. Chidi-Egboka NC, Briggs NE, Jalbert I, Golebiowski B. The ocular surface in children: A review of current knowledge and meta-analysis of tear film stability and tear secretion in children. Ocul Surf. 2019;17(1):28–39. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtos.2018.09.006
  7. Manuaba IBAP, Darmayani IGAS, Sindhughosa DA, Yani MVW, Remitha NPSI, Sasmana IGAP, et al. Levels of anxiety and depression of students and responses to online learning methods during the COVID-19 pandemic. Bali Medical Journal. 2023;12(1):550–5.
  8. Juliari IGAM, Sari Dewi R, Ratnasari NLMN, Tri Handayani A. The mucin 5AC level in medical faculty students with Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS). Bali Medical Journal. 2019;8(2):551–4.
  9. Miller, Kimberly L. Walt John G, et al. Minimal Clinically Important Difference for the Ocular Surface Disease Index. JAMA Ophthalmology, Arch Ophthalmol. 2010;128(1):94-101.
  10. Doughty MJ. Consideration of three types of spontaneous eyeblink activity in normal humans: during reading and video display terminal use, in primary gaze, and while in conversation. Optom Vis Sci. 2001;78(10):712–725.
  11. Argilés M, Cardona G, Pérez-Cabré E, Rodríguez M. Blink rate and incomplete blinks in six different controlled hard-copy and electronic reading conditions. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2015;56(11):6679–6685.
  12. Casse G, Sauvage JP, Adenis JP, Robert PY. Videonystagmography to assess blinking. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2007;245(12):1789–1796.
  13. Akib, Marlyanti Nurrahmah, Pirade SR, et al. Association between prolonged use of smartphone and the incidence of dry eye among junior high school students. Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health. 2021; 11: 1-6.
  14. Miyake H, Kawano Y, Tanaka H, Iwata A, Imanaka T, Nakamura M. Tear volume estimation using a modified Schirmer test: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind trial comparing 3% diquafosol ophthalmic solution and artificial tears in dry eye patients. Clin Ophthalmol. 2016;10:879-86.
  15. Uchino M, Nishiwaki Y, Michikawa T, Shirakawa K, Kuwahara E, Yamada M, et al. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Dry Eye Disease in Japan: Koumi Study. Ophthalmology. 2011;118(12):2361–7. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.05.029
  16. Moon JH, Kim KW, Moon NJ. Smartphone use is a risk factor for pediatric dry eye disease according to region and age: a case control study. BMC Ophthalmol. 2016;16(1):188. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27788672
  17. Asosiasi Penyedia Jasa Internet Indonesia (APJII). Infografis penetrasi & perilaku pengguna internet Indonesia: Survey 2017 [Internet]. 2017. Available from: https://www.kominfo.go.id/content/detail/12638/hasil-survei-penetrasi-dan-perilaku-pengguna-internet-2017-apjii/0/download2/5
  18. Singh B, Gupta R, Garg R, Resident S. Study of Medical Students and Internet Usage. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications. 2013;3(5). Available from: www.ijsrp.org
  19. Moss SE. Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Dry Eye Syndrome. Archives of Ophthalmology. 2000;118(9):1264. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archopht.118.9.1264
  20. Pietersz EL, Sumual V, Rares L, Manado SR, Kesehatan BI, Fakultas M, et al. Penggunaan lensa kontak dan pengaruhnya terhadap dry eyes pada mahasiswa Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Sam Ratulangi. Vol. 4, Jurnal e-Clinic (eCl). 2016.
  21. Lee AJ, Lee J, Saw S-M, Gazzard G, Koh D, Widjaja D, et al. Prevalence and risk factors associated with dry eye symptoms: a population based study in Indonesia. Br J Ophthalmol. 2002;86(12):1347–51. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12446361
  22. Matossian C, McDonald M, Donaldson KE, Nichols KK, Maciver S, Gupta PK. Dry eye disease: Consideration for women’s health. Vol. 28, Journal of Women’s Health. Mary Ann Liebert Inc.; 2019. p. 502–14.
  23. Ismael DS. Smartphone overuse and vision problems among university students. ZANCO Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences (ZJPAS). 2022;34(3). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.21271/zjpas.34.3.5
  24. Susila NK, Mahayani NM, Triningrat AA, Widiana IG, Djelantik AA, Jayanegara WG. Blood superoxide dismutase (SOD) level has a negative correlation with dry eye (DE) degree. Bali Medical Journal. 2017;6(2):390.
  25. Truong S, Cole N, Stapleton F, Golebiowski B. Sex hormones and the dry eye. Clin Exp Optom. 2014;97(4):324–36. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cxo.12147
  26. Hirota M, Uozato H, Kawamorita T, Shibata Y, Yamamoto S. Effect of Incomplete Blinking on Tear Film Stability. Optometry and Vision Science. 2013;90(7):650–7. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/opx.0b013e31829962ec
  27. Argilés M, Cardona G, Pérez-Cabré E, Rodríguez M. Blink Rate and Incomplete Blinks in Six Different Controlled Hard-Copy and Electronic Reading Conditions. Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science. 2015;56(11):6679. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/iovs.15-16967
  28. Phadatare SP, Momin M, Nighojkar P, Askarkar S, Singh KK. A Comprehensive Review on Dry Eye Disease: Diagnosis, Medical Management, Recent Developments, and Future Challenges. Advances in Pharmaceutics. 2015;2015:1–12. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/704946
  29. Messmer EM. The pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of dry eye disease. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2015;112(5):71–82. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25686388
  30. Pazare P, Mujawar N, Singh P. Tears In Newborn Babies. Int J Sci Res. 2017;6(8).
  31. Khanal S, Tomlinson A, Esakowitz L, Bhatt P, Jones D, Nabili S, et al. Changes in corneal sensitivity and tear physiology after phacoemulsification. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics. 2008;28(2):127–34. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-1313.2008.00539.x

How to Cite

Rimayanti, U., Yustika, G. ., & Jamaluddin, S. R. W. (2023). Description of screen time and dry eye syndrome in medical students of UIN Alauddin Makassar. Bali Medical Journal, 12(2), 1729–1732. https://doi.org/10.15562/bmj.v12i2.3710
ACM ACS APA ABNT Chicago Harvard IEEE MLA Turabian Vancouver
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS) BibTeX

HTML
13

Total
10

Share

Search Panel

Ulfah Rimayanti
Google Scholar
Pubmed
BMJ Journal

Gita Yustika
Google Scholar
Pubmed
BMJ Journal

Sri Rezki Wahdania Jamaluddin
Google Scholar
Pubmed
BMJ Journal