The differences in maternal and child health factors amongst leprosy patients in endemic and non-endemic areas

Flora Ramona Sigit Prakoeswa; Faradiba Maharani; Erlita Puspitasari; Muhammad Yulianto Listiawan; Anang Endaryanto; Cita Rosita Sigit Prakoeswa

doi:10.15562/bmj.v10i3.2983

The differences in maternal and child health factors amongst leprosy patients in endemic and non-endemic areas

Flora Ramona Sigit Prakoeswa ,

Faradiba Maharani ,

Erlita Puspitasari ,

Muhammad Yulianto Listiawan ,

Anang Endaryanto ,

Cita Rosita Sigit Prakoeswa ,

PDF |
DOI: https://doi.org/10.15562/bmj.v10i3.2983 |
Published: 2021-12-30

Abstract

Introduction: Leprosy, a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae infection arise new concern in pediatrics health problems. Total number of pediatric leprosy cases are hard to eliminate due to dominance of parenting and household position of mothers. In this study, we evaluated the roles of maternal and child health factors amongst leprosy patients in endemic and non-endemic areas.

Methods: Cross sectional study was conducted on Tuban Regency, East Java through interview guided by questioner on 106 pairs mother-child selected from local primary health center’s registry data and selection through inclusion and exclusion criteria. Several parameters were analyzed: mother’s age, children’s age, gender of children, antenatal care, breastfeeding, and childbirth methods. Data were analyzed using ANOVA test.

Results: Statistically significant results were found in the age of mother (p = 0.007) and child (p =0.001) with older ages observed in the population lived in the endemic area. Gender of children (p=0.997), childbirth methods (p=0.172), antenatal care (p= 0.353), and breastfeeding (p=0.507) in this study showed insignificant results.

Conclusions: The differences in mothers and children ages are associated with leprosy among the population lived in leprosy endemic areas compared to the control group with delayed in diagnosis and long incubation period should be considered as factors contributed in this findings.

References

Franco-Paredes C, Rodriguez-Morales AJ. Unsolved matters in leprosy: A descriptive review and call for further research. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2016;15(1):1–10.
Shumet T, Demissie M, Bekele Y. Prevalence of Disability and Associated Factors among Registered Leprosy Patients in All Africa Tb and Leprosy Rehabilitation and Training Centre (ALERT), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Sci. 2015;25(4):313–20.
Global programme to, eliminate lymphatic filariasis. Relevé épidémiologique hebdomadaire: Programme mondial pour l’élimination de la filariose lymphatique: rapport de situation, 2014. OMSRelevé épidémiologique Hebd. 2015;38(90):489–504.
OMS. Weekly epidemiological record. Global leprosy update, 2018: moving towards a leprosy. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2019;94(August 2019):389–412.
Dinkes Provinsi Jawa Timur. Profil Kesehatan Jawa Timur 2018. Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Jawa Timur. 2019.
Sarkar R, Pradhan S. Leprosy and women. Int J Women’s Dermatology. 2016;2(4):117–21.
van Brakel WH, Sihombing B, Djarir H, Beise K, Kusumawardhani L, Yulihane R, et al. Disability in people affected by leprosy: the role of impairment, activity, social participation, stigma and discrimination. Glob Health Action. 2012;5.
Rodrigues TSV, Gomes LC, Cortela DCB, Silva EA, Silva CAL, Ferreira SMB. Factors associated with leprosy in children contacts of notified adults in an endemic region of Midwest Brazil. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2019;
PrabhuDas M, Bonney E, Caron K, Dey S, Erlebacher A, Fazleabas A, et al. Immune mechanisms at the maternal-fetal interface: Perspectives and challenges. Vol. 16, Nature Immunology. 2015. p. 328–34.
Venkatakrishnan Y, Thangaraju P, Jeganathan S, Sankaran SK, Kannan R. Nutritional status and morbidity profile of children with leprosy contact in a rural community. Trop Doct. 2020;
Kumaran SM, Bhat IP, Madhukara J, Rout P, Elizabeth J. Comparison of bacillary index on slit skin smear with bacillary index of granuloma in leprosy and its relevance to present therapeutic regimens. Indian J Dermatol. 2015;60(1):51–4.
Kerr-Pontes LRS, Barreto ML, Evangelista CMN, Rodrigues LC, Heukelbach J, Feldmeier H. Socioeconomic, environmental, and behavioural risk factors for leprosy in North-east Brazil: Results of a case-control study. Int J Epidemiol. 2006;35(4):994–1000.
Barbosa Durães SM, Soares Guedes L, Duarte Da Cunha M, Ferreira Magnanini MM, Leide M, Rey De Oliveira D. Epidemiologic study of 107 cases of families with leprosy in Duque de Caxias. An Bras Dermatol. 2010.
Duncan ME, Melsom R, Pearson JMH, Menzel S, Barnetson RS. A clinical and immunological study of four babies of mothers with lepromatous leprosy, two of whom developed leprosy in infancy. Int J Lepr. 1983;51(1):7–17.
de Oliveira MBB, Diniz LM. Leprosy among children under 15 years of age: Literature review. Vol. 91, Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia. 2016. p. 196–203.
Sales AM, Ponce de Leon A, Düppre NC, Hacker MA, Nery JAC, Sarno EN, et al. Leprosy among patient contacts: A multilevel study of risk factors. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011;5(3):1–6.
Netea MG, Domínguez-Andrés J, Barreiro LB, Chavakis T, Divangahi M, Fuchs E, et al. Defining trained immunity and its role in health and disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2020;20(6):375–88.
Kleinnijenhuis J, Quintin J, Preijers F, Joosten LAB, Ifrim DC, Saeed S, et al. Bacille Calmette-Guérin induces NOD2-dependent nonspecific protection from reinfection via epigenetic reprogramming of monocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109(43):17537–42.
Liu YY, Yu MW, Ning Y, Wang H. A study on gender differences in newly detected leprosy cases in Sichuan, China, 2000–2015. Int J Dermatol. 2018;57(12):1492–9.
Moet FJ, Pahan D, Schuring RP, Oskam L, Richardus JH. Physical distance, genetic relationship, age, and leprosy classification are independent risk factors for leprosy in contacts of patients with leprosy. J Infect Dis. 2006 Feb;193(3):346–53.
Peters ES, Eshiet AL. Male-female (sex) differences in leprosy patients in South Eastern Nigeria: Females present late for diagnosis and treatment and have higher rates of deformity. Lepr Rev. 2002;73(3):262–7.
Butlin C., Withington S. Mothers and Children with Leprosy. In: The International Textbook of Leprosy, Clinical Science. 2019. p. Part 1, section 3.
Palit A, Inamadar AC. Childhood leprosy in India over the past two decades. Vol. 85, Leprosy review. 2014. p. 93–9.
Rao AG. Study of leprosy in children. Indian J Lepr. 2009;81(4):195–7.
[Internet]. D gov. b. Taxa de incidência de hanseníase no Brasil por faixa etária, segundo regiãitle. 2012.

[1] Franco-Paredes C, Rodriguez-Morales AJ. Unsolved matters in leprosy: A descriptive review and call for further research. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2016;15(1):1–10.

[2] Shumet T, Demissie M, Bekele Y. Prevalence of Disability and Associated Factors among Registered Leprosy Patients in All Africa Tb and Leprosy Rehabilitation and Training Centre (ALERT), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Sci. 2015;25(4):313–20.

[3] Global programme to, eliminate lymphatic filariasis. Relevé épidémiologique hebdomadaire: Programme mondial pour l’élimination de la filariose lymphatique: rapport de situation, 2014. OMSRelevé épidémiologique Hebd. 2015;38(90):489–504.

[4] OMS. Weekly epidemiological record. Global leprosy update, 2018: moving towards a leprosy. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2019;94(August 2019):389–412.

[5] Dinkes Provinsi Jawa Timur. Profil Kesehatan Jawa Timur 2018. Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Jawa Timur. 2019.

[6] Sarkar R, Pradhan S. Leprosy and women. Int J Women’s Dermatology. 2016;2(4):117–21.

[7] van Brakel WH, Sihombing B, Djarir H, Beise K, Kusumawardhani L, Yulihane R, et al. Disability in people affected by leprosy: the role of impairment, activity, social participation, stigma and discrimination. Glob Health Action. 2012;5.

[8] Rodrigues TSV, Gomes LC, Cortela DCB, Silva EA, Silva CAL, Ferreira SMB. Factors associated with leprosy in children contacts of notified adults in an endemic region of Midwest Brazil. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2019;

[9] PrabhuDas M, Bonney E, Caron K, Dey S, Erlebacher A, Fazleabas A, et al. Immune mechanisms at the maternal-fetal interface: Perspectives and challenges. Vol. 16, Nature Immunology. 2015. p. 328–34.

[10] Venkatakrishnan Y, Thangaraju P, Jeganathan S, Sankaran SK, Kannan R. Nutritional status and morbidity profile of children with leprosy contact in a rural community. Trop Doct. 2020;

[11] Kumaran SM, Bhat IP, Madhukara J, Rout P, Elizabeth J. Comparison of bacillary index on slit skin smear with bacillary index of granuloma in leprosy and its relevance to present therapeutic regimens. Indian J Dermatol. 2015;60(1):51–4.

[12] Kerr-Pontes LRS, Barreto ML, Evangelista CMN, Rodrigues LC, Heukelbach J, Feldmeier H. Socioeconomic, environmental, and behavioural risk factors for leprosy in North-east Brazil: Results of a case-control study. Int J Epidemiol. 2006;35(4):994–1000.

[13] Barbosa Durães SM, Soares Guedes L, Duarte Da Cunha M, Ferreira Magnanini MM, Leide M, Rey De Oliveira D. Epidemiologic study of 107 cases of families with leprosy in Duque de Caxias. An Bras Dermatol. 2010.

[14] Duncan ME, Melsom R, Pearson JMH, Menzel S, Barnetson RS. A clinical and immunological study of four babies of mothers with lepromatous leprosy, two of whom developed leprosy in infancy. Int J Lepr. 1983;51(1):7–17.

[15] de Oliveira MBB, Diniz LM. Leprosy among children under 15 years of age: Literature review. Vol. 91, Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia. 2016. p. 196–203.

[16] Sales AM, Ponce de Leon A, Düppre NC, Hacker MA, Nery JAC, Sarno EN, et al. Leprosy among patient contacts: A multilevel study of risk factors. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011;5(3):1–6.

[17] Netea MG, Domínguez-Andrés J, Barreiro LB, Chavakis T, Divangahi M, Fuchs E, et al. Defining trained immunity and its role in health and disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2020;20(6):375–88.

[18] Kleinnijenhuis J, Quintin J, Preijers F, Joosten LAB, Ifrim DC, Saeed S, et al. Bacille Calmette-Guérin induces NOD2-dependent nonspecific protection from reinfection via epigenetic reprogramming of monocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109(43):17537–42.

[19] Liu YY, Yu MW, Ning Y, Wang H. A study on gender differences in newly detected leprosy cases in Sichuan, China, 2000–2015. Int J Dermatol. 2018;57(12):1492–9.

[20] Moet FJ, Pahan D, Schuring RP, Oskam L, Richardus JH. Physical distance, genetic relationship, age, and leprosy classification are independent risk factors for leprosy in contacts of patients with leprosy. J Infect Dis. 2006 Feb;193(3):346–53.

[21] Peters ES, Eshiet AL. Male-female (sex) differences in leprosy patients in South Eastern Nigeria: Females present late for diagnosis and treatment and have higher rates of deformity. Lepr Rev. 2002;73(3):262–7.

[22] Butlin C., Withington S. Mothers and Children with Leprosy. In: The International Textbook of Leprosy, Clinical Science. 2019. p. Part 1, section 3.

[23] Palit A, Inamadar AC. Childhood leprosy in India over the past two decades. Vol. 85, Leprosy review. 2014. p. 93–9.

[24] Rao AG. Study of leprosy in children. Indian J Lepr. 2009;81(4):195–7.

[25] [Internet]. D gov. b. Taxa de incidência de hanseníase no Brasil por faixa etária, segundo regiãitle. 2012.

The differences in maternal and child health factors amongst leprosy patients in endemic and non-endemic areas

Abstract

References

How to Cite

Search Panel