Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer

The in-vivo anti-inflammatory effect of red earthworm (Lumbricus rubellus) ethanolic extract from organic farmland in Bali, Indonesia

  • Ni Wayan Sucindra Dewi ,
  • Agung Nova Mahendra ,


Abstract

Background: One of the typical responses to the protection of the body is inflammation. Extensive and severe inflammation can result in tissue damage. Earthworms have been used empirically for years to treat diseases that are based on inflammatory events. This study evaluates the anti-inflammatory properties of red earthworm (Lumbricus rubellus) ethanolic extract from organic farmland in Bali, Indonesia.

Methods: An experimental study by post-test only control group design was conducted among 30 adult male Wistar rats, divided into 6 groups. Each group was given 0.5% NaCMC (negative control), Diclofenac sodium 9 mg/kgBW (positive control), Red earthworm ethanolic extracts of 50 mg/kgBW (P1) and 100 mg/kgBW (P2) at 1 hour before carrageenan injection. In addition, the ethanolic extracts of Red earthworms, respectively 50 mg/kgBW (P3) and 100 mg/kgBW (P4), which had been given once a day, during 1 week before and at the eighth day 1 hour before carrageenan injection. The measurements of edema were performed 4 hours after the administration of the test material. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 for Windows.

Results: The median score of Rats Hind Paw Edema was 0.3 (0.2-0.4) ml in negative control, 0.1 (0.0-0.2) ml in positive control, 0.2 (0.1-0.2) ml in P1, 0.2 (0.1-0.3) ml in P2, 0.2 (0.1-0.2) ml in P3, and 0.1 (0.1-0.2) ml in P4 groups. There was a significant differences between the NaCMC group (negative control) with the Diclofenac sodium group (positive control), P1, P3, and P4 groups (p<0.05), but not with P2 group (p>0.05).

Conclusion:  We conclude that red earthworm (Lumbricus rubellus) ethanolic extract from Bali's organic farmland exhibits an anti-inflammatory effect.

Keywords: Lumbricus rubellus Extract Anti-Inflammation Edema

References

  1. Hunter P. The inflammation theory of disease. The growing realization that chronic inflammation is crucial in many diseases opens new avenues for treatment. EMBO Rep. 2012;13(11):968-970.
  2. Kumar R, Clermont G, Vodovotz Y, Chow CC. The dynamics of acute inflammation. J Theor Biol. 2004;230(2):145-155.
  3. Ong CK, Lirk P, Tan CH, Seymour RA. An evidence-based update on nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Clin Med Res. 2007;5(1):19-34.
  4. Henry DA. Side-effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Baillieres Clin Rheumatol. 1988;2(2):425-454.
  5. Rainsford KD. Profile and mechanisms of gastrointestinal and other side effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Am J Med. 1999;107(6A):27S-36S.
  6. Cooper EL, Balamurugan M, Huang CY, Tsao CR, Heredia J, Tommaseo-Ponzetta M, et al. Earthworms dilong: ancient, inexpensive, noncontroversial models may help clarify approaches to integrated medicine emphasizing neuroimmune systems. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012;2012:164152.
  7. Chang YM, Shih YT, Chen YS, Liu CL, Fang WK, Tsai CH, Tsai FJ, et al. Schwann Cell Migration Induced by Earthworm Extract via Activation of PAs and MMP2/9 Mediated through ERK1/2 and p38. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011;2011:395458.
  8. Muliarta M, Tirtayasa K, Prabawa PY, Wiryadana KA. Tamarillo Consumption Associated with Increased Acetylcholinesterase Activity and Improved Oxidative Stress Markers in Farmers Exposed to Daily Pesticide-related Activities in Baturiti, Bali, Indonesia. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences. 2020;8(E):244-250.
  9. Dewi NWS, Mahendra ANM, Putra GWK, Jawi IM, Sukrama DM, Kartini NL. Ethanolic Extract of the Powder of Red Earthworm (Lumbricus rubellus) Obtained from Several Organic Farmlands in Bali, Indonesia: Analysis of Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Capacity. Bali Medical Journal. 2017;3(3):80-83.
  10. du Preez R, Paul N, Mouatt P, Majzoub ME, Thomas T, Panchal SK, et al. Carrageenans from the Red Seaweed Sarconema filiforme Attenuate Symptoms of Diet-Induced Metabolic Syndrome in Rats. Mar Drugs. 2020;18(2):97.
  11. Necas J, Bartosikova L. Carrageenan a review. Veterinarni Medicina. 2013;58(4):187-205.
  12. Hafeez A, Jain U, Sajwan P, Srivastava S, Thakur A. Evaluation of Carrageenan induce anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extract of bark of Ficus virens Linn. in swiss albino mice. The Journal of Phytopharmacology. 2013;2(3):39-43.
  13. Cong HH, Khaziakhmetova VN, Zigashina LE. Rat paw oedema modeling and NSAIDs: Timing of effects. Int J Risk Saf Med. 2015;27 Suppl 1:S76-S77.
  14. Uzkeser H, Cadirci E, Halici Z, et al. Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects of salbutamol on acute and chronic models of inflammation in rats: involvement of an antioxidant mechanism. Mediators Inflamm. 2012;2012:438912.
  15. Hussain T, Tan B, Yin Y, Blachier F, Tossou MC, Rahu N. Oxidative Stress and Inflammation: What Polyphenols Can Do for Us?. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2016;2016:7432797.
  16. Luo W, Deng ZH, Li R, Cheng G, Kotian RN, Li YS, et al. Study of analgesic effect of earthworm extract. Biosci Rep. 2018;38(1):BSR20171554.
  17. Gan TJ. Diclofenac: an update on its mechanism of action and safety profile. Curr Med Res Opin. 2010;26(7):1715-1731.

How to Cite

Dewi, N. W. S., & Mahendra, A. N. (2020). The in-vivo anti-inflammatory effect of red earthworm (Lumbricus rubellus) ethanolic extract from organic farmland in Bali, Indonesia. Bali Medical Journal, 9(3), 652–655. https://doi.org/10.15562/bmj.v9i3.1788
ACM ACS APA ABNT Chicago Harvard IEEE MLA Turabian Vancouver
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS) BibTeX

HTML
8

Total
17

Share

Search Panel

Ni Wayan Sucindra Dewi
Google Scholar
Pubmed
BMJ Journal

Agung Nova Mahendra
Google Scholar
Pubmed
BMJ Journal