Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer

Measuring motor evoked-potentials in children with autism spectrum disorders accompanied with cerebral vein thrombosis following intraarterial heparin flushing



Abstract

Background: The use of the term "Autism Spectrum Disorder" has led to confusion over this substance. Prior to DSM-V criteria, symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) refers to the problems in brain vasculature and brain chemistry most likely affect the children behavior, whereas the authors' findings suggest such problems depicting a similar anomaly in cerebral vein thrombosis case (CVT). Recently, the evoked potentials, that demonstrated in CVT, have a possible prognostic value on patients suffering from ASD. This study purposes to measure the motor evoked potentials (MEPs) on patients following the intervention of intraarterial heparin flushing (IAHF).

Methods: A descriptive study was conducted on 17 patients admitted in Cerebrovascular Center of RSPAD Gatot Soebroto, Jakarta, diagnosed with ASD presenting CVT. The MEPs value was measured by conforming the IAHF procedure.

Results: The MEPs value (amplitude, latency, CMCT) pre and post-IAHF showed an increasing value. Meanwhile, there was a lowering value of latency and CMCT in left cortical participants after IAHF.

Conclusion: The group tends to perform more expected positive MEPs changes after IAHF.

Keywords: MEPs ASD CVT IAHF amplitude latency CMCT

References

  1. Eikeseth S. Outcome of comprehensive psycho-educational interventions for young children with autism. Res Dev Disab. 2009; 30: 158–78.
  2. Coben R, Chabot RJ, Hirshberg L. EEG analyses in the assessment of autistic disorders. In M. F. Casanova, A. S. El-Baz, and J. S. Suri (Eds.). Imaging the Brain in Autism. 2013; 349–370.
  3. Volkmar FR, State M, Klin A. Autism and autism spectrum disorders: diagnostic issues for the coming decade. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2009; 50:108–15.
  4. Baker JP. Autism at 70-redrawing the boundaries. N Engl J Med. 2013; 369:1089–91.
  5. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 3rd ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1980.
  6. Kuban KC, O’Shea TM, Allred EN, Tager-Flusberg H, Goldstein A, Leviton A. Positive screening on the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT) in extremely low gestational age newborns. J Pediatr. 2009; 154(122): 535-540.
  7. DeVeber G, Andrew M, Adams C, Bjornson B, Booth F, Buckley D.J, et al. Cerebral Sinovenous Thrombosis in Children. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:417–23.
  8. Taurines R, Segura M, Schecklmann M, Albantakis L, Grünblatt E, Walitza S,et al. Altered peripheral BDNF mRNA expression and BDNF protein concentrations in blood of children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. J Neural Transm. 2014; 121:1117–1128.
  9. Watling R, Deitz J, White O. Comparison of Sensory Profile Scores of young children with and without autism spectrum disorders. Am J Occup Ther. 2001;55:416–23.
  10. Fogassi L, Ferrari PF, Gesierich B, Rozzi S, Chersi F, Rizzolatti G. Parietal lobe:from action organization to intention understanding. Science 308. 2005; 5722:662-67
  11. Damasio AR, Maurer RG. A neurological model for childhood autism. Archives of Neurology. 1978; 35(12):777-78.
  12. Vilensky JA, Damasio AR, Maurer RG. Gait disturbances in patients with autistic behavior: A preliminary study. Archives of Neurology. 198; 38(10):646-49.
  13. Lai MC, Lombardo MV, Baron-Cohen S. Autism. Lancet. 2014; 383:896–910.
  14. Fournier KA, Hass CJ, Naik SK, Lodha N, Cauraugh JH. Motor coordination in autism spectrum disorders: a synthesis and metaanalysis. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2010; 40(10):1227–40.
  15. Gowen E, Hamilton A. Motor Abilities in Autism: A Review Using a Computational Context. J Autism Dev Disord. 2012.
  16. Kohen-Raz R, Volkmar FR, Cohen DJ. Postural control in children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 1992; 22(3):419-432.
  17. Kanner. Autistic disturbances of affective contact. Nervous child. 1943; 2:217-250.
  18. Davare M, Andres M, Cosnard G, Thonnard JL, Olivier E. Dissociating the role of ventral and dorsal premotor cortex in precision grasping. J Neurosci. 2006; 26:2260–68.
  19. Pearce AJ, Kidgell DJ. Corticomotor excitability during precision motor tasks. J Sci Med Sport. 2009; 12:280–83.
  20. Classen J, Liepert J, Wise SP, Hallett M, Cohen LG. Rapid plasticity of human cortical movement representation induced by practice. J Neurophysiol. 1998; 79:1117–23.
  21. Buie T, Campbell DB, Fuchs GJ 3rd, et al. Evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of gastrointestinal disorders in individuals with ASD: a consensus report. Pediatrics. 2010;125:S1–18.
  22. Choudhury PR, Lahiri S, Rajamma U. Glutamate mediated signaling in the pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorders. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2012; 100:841–49.
  23. Oberman LM, Pascual-Leone A, Rotenberg A. Modulation of corticospinal excitability by transcranial magnetic stimulation in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 2014; 8:627.
  24. Courchesne E, Karns CM, Davis HR, Ziccardi R, Carper RA, Tigue ZD, et al. Unusual brain growth patterns in early life in patients with autistic disorder: an MRI study. Neurology. 2001; 57(2), 245-254.
  25. Geschwind DH, Levitt P. Autism spectrum disorders: developmental disconnection syndromes. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2007; 17(1):103-111.
  26. Dolen G, Bear MF. Fragile x syndrome and autism: from disease model to therapeutic targets. J Neurodev Disord. 2009; 1(2):133-140.
  27. Markram H, Rinaldi T, Markram K.The intense world syndrome--an alternative hypothesis for autism. Front Neurosci. 2007; 1(1): 77-96.
  28. Oberman LM, Pascual-Leone A. Cortical plasticity: A proposed mechanism by which genomic factors lead to the behavioral and neurological phenotype of autism spectrum and psychotic spectrum disorders. Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 2008; 31:241–320.
  29. Rubenstein JLR, Merzenich MM. Model of autism:Increased ratio of excitation/inhibition in key neural systems.Genes, Brain and Behavior. 2003; 2(5):255–267.
  30. Folsom TD, Fatemi SH. The involvement of reelin in neurodevelopmental disorders. Neuropharmacology. 2013; 68:122–135.
  31. Robertson CE, Baron-Cohen S. Sensory perception in autism. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2017; 18:671–684.
  32. Baker AE, Lane A, Angley MT, Young RL. The relationship between sensory processing patterns and behavioural responsiveness in autistic disorder: a pilot study. J Autism Dev Disord. 2008; 38:867–75.
  33. Leekam SR, Libby SJ, Wing L, Gould J. Describing the sensory abnormalities of children and adults with autism. J Autism Dev Disord. 2007;37:894–910.
  34. Tomchek SD, Dunn W. Sensory processing in children with and without autism: a comparative study using the short sensory profile. Am J Occup Ther. 2007; 61:190–200.
  35. Baranek GT, David FJ, Poe MD, Stone WL, Watson LR. Sensory experiences questionnaire: discriminating sensory features in young children with autism, developmental delays, and typical development. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2006;47:591–601.
  36. Hussman JP. Suppressed gabaergic inhibition as a common factor in suspected etiologies of autism. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 2001; 31:247–248.
  37. Casanova MF, Buxhoeveden D, Gomez J. Disruption in the inhibitory architecture of the cell minicolumn: Implications for autism. The Neuroscientist. 2003; 9(6):496–507.
  38. Yizhar O, Fenno LE, Prigge M, Schneider F, Davidson TJ, O'Shea DJ, Sohal VS, Goshen I, Finkelstein J, Paz JT, Stehfest K, Fudim R, Ramakrishnan C, Huguenard JR, Hegemann P, Deisseroth K. Neocortical excitation/inhibition balance in information processing and social dysfunction. Nature. 2011; 477(7363):171–78.
  39. Williams JH, Whiten A, Suddendorf T, Perrett DI. Imitation, mirror neurons and autism. Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews. 2001; 25(4):287-295.
  40. Rizzolatti G, Craighero L. The mirror-neuron system. Annual review of neuroscience. 2004; 27:169–192.
  41. Dapretto M, Iacoboni M. The mirror neuron system and the consequences of its dysfunction. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2006; 7(12):942–51.
  42. Oberman LM, Ramachandran VS. The simulating social mind: the role of the mirror neuron system and simulation in the social and communicative deficits of autism spectrum disorders. 2007; 133(2): 310–27.
  43. Iacoboni M, Dapretto M. The mirror neuron system and the consequences of its dysfunction. Nature Reviews. 2006; 7(12):942–51.
  44. Yamasaki S, Yamasue H, Abe O, Suga M, Yamada H, Inoue H, Kuwabara H, et al. Reduced gray matter volume of pars opercularis is associated with impaired social communication in high-functioning autism spectrum disorders. Biological psychiatry. 2010; 68(12):1141–7.
  45. Hadjikhani N, Joseph RM, Snyder J, Tager-Flusberg H, Tager Flusberg H. Anatomical differences in the mirror neuron system and social cognition network in autism. Cereb Cortex. 2006; 16(9):1276–82.
  46. Teitelbaum P, Teitelbaum O, Nye J, Fryman J, Maurer RG. Movement analysis in infancy may be useful for early diagnosis of autism. Proceedings of National Academy of Science USA. 1998;95(23):13982-87.
  47. Mostofsky SH, Powell SK, Simmonds DJ, Goldberg MC, Caffo B, Pekar JJ. Decreased connectivity and cerebellar activity in autism during motor task performance. Brain. 2009; 132:2413–25.
  48. Enticott PG, Bradshaw JL, Iansek R, Tonge BJ, Rinehart NJ. Electrophysiological signs of supplementary-motor-area deficits in high-functioning autism but not Asperger syndrome: an examination of internally cued movement-related potentials. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2009; 51:787–91.
  49. Jung NH, Janzanik WG, Delvendahl I, Munchau A, Biscaldi M, Mainberger F, et al. Impaired induction of long-term potentiation-like plasticity in patients with high-functioning autism and Asperger syndrome. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2013; 55:83–89.
  50. Fabbri-Destro M, Gizzonio V, Avanzini P. Autism, motor dysfunctions and mirror mechanism. Clinical Neuropsychiatry. 2013;10(5):177-187.
  51. Dowell LR, Mahone EM, Mostofsky SH. Associations of postural knowledge and basic motor skill with dyspraxia in autism: Implication for abnormalities in distributed connectivity and motor learning. Neuropsychology. 2009; 23(5):563-70.
  52. Dziuk MA, Gidley Larson JC, Apostu A, Mahone EM, Denckla MB, Mostofsky SH. Dyspraxia in autism: association with motor, social, and communicative deficits. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 2007; 49:734-739.
  53. Uzunova G, Pallanti S, Hollander E. Excitatory/inhibitory imbalance in autism spectrum disorders: implications for interventions and therapeutics. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2016;17(3):174-86.
  54. Amassian VE, Stewart M, Quirk GJ, Rosenthal JL. Physiological basis of motor effects of a transient stimulus to cerebral cortex. Neurosurgery 1987; 20:74-93.
  55. Wagner T, Valero-Cabre A, Pascual-Leone A: Non-invasive human brain stimulation. Annu Rev Biomed Eng. 2007; 9:527–565.
  56. Merton PA, Morton HB: Stimulation of the cerebral cortex in the intact human subject. Nature. 1980; 285:227.
  57. Barker AT. The history and basic principles of magnetic nerve stimulation. Electroencephalography and Clin Neurophysiology Supplement. 1999; 51:3–21.
  58. Barker AT, Jalinous R, Freeston IL: Non-invasive magnetic stimulation of human motor cortex. Lancet. 1985;325:1106–07.
  59. Oberman LM, Rotenberg A, Pascual-Leone A. Use of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Autism Spectrum Disorders. J Autism Dev Disord. 2013.
  60. Day BL, Dressler D, Maertens de Noordhout A, Marsden CD, Nakashima K, Rothwell JC, Thompson PD. Electric and magnetic stimulation of human motor cortex: surface EMG and single motor unit responses. Journal of Physiology. 1989; 412:449–473.
  61. Kobayashi M, Pascual-Leone A. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in neurology. Lancet Neurology. 2003; 2(3):145–156.
  62. Oberman LM, Rotenberg A, Pascual-Leone A. Use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in autism spectrum disorders. J Autism Dev Disord. 2015;45(2):524–536.
  63. Garvey MA, Gilbert DL. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in children. European Journal of Paediatric Neurology. 2004; 8(1):7–19.
  64. Lin, K. L., & Pascual-Leone, A. Transcranial magnetic stimulation and its applications in children. Chang Gung Medical Journal. 2002; 25(7):424–436.
  65. Théoret H, Halligan E, Kobayashi M, Fregni F, Tager Flusberg H, Pascual-Leone A, Theoret H, et al. Impaired motor facilitation during action observation in individuals with autism spectrum disorder. Curr Biol. 2005; 15(3):R84–5.
  66. Enticott PG, Kennedy HA, Rinehart N, Tonge BJ, Bradshaw JL, Taffe JR, Daskalakis ZJ, et al. Mirror Neuron Activity Associated with Social Impairments but not Age in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Society of Biological Psychiatry. 2011.
  67. Fadiga L, Craighero L, Olivier E. Human motor cortex excitability during the perception of others’ action. Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 2005.
  68. Patuzzo S, Fiaschi A, Manganotti P. Modulation of motor cortex excitability in the left hemisphere during action observation: A single- and paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation study of self- and non-self- action observation. Neuropsychologia, 200; 41(9):1272–78.
  69. Strafella AP, Paus T. Modulation of cortical excitability during action observation: A transcranial magnetic stimulation study. Neuroreport. 2000; 11(10):2289–92.
  70. Pedapati EV, Gilbert DL, Erickson CA, et al. Abnormal Cortical Plasticity in Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Case-Control Pilot Study. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2016;26(7):625–631
  71. Dileone M. Enhanced human brain associative plasticity in Costello syndrome. J. Physiol. 2010; 588: 3445–56.
  72. Murakami T, Sakuma K, Nomura T, Nakashima K. Short-interval intracortical inhibition is modulated by high-frequency peripheral mixed nerve stimulation. Neurosci. Lett. 2007; 420:72–75.
  73. Balbi P, Perretti A, Sannino M, Marcantonio L, Santoro L. Postexercise facilitation of motor evoked potentials following transcranial magnetic stimulation:a study in normal subjects. Muscle Nerve. 2002; 25:448–452.
  74. Kim GW, Ko MH. Facilitation of corticospinal tract excitability by transcranial direct current stimulation combined with voluntary grip exercise. Neurosci. Lett. 2013; 548:181–4.
  75. Chen X. Success rate of motor evoked potentials for intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring: effects of age, lesion location, and preoperative neurologic deficits. J. Clin. Neurophysiol. 2007; 24:281–285.
  76. Chipchase L, Schabrun S, Cohen L, Hodges P, Ridding M, Rothwell J, et al. A checklist for assessing the methodological quality of studies using transcranial magnetic stimulation to study the motor system: an international consensus study. Clinical Neurophysiology: Official Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2012: 123(9):1698-704.
  77. Bestmann S, Krakauer J. The uses and interpretations of the motor-evoked potential for understanding behaviour. Experimental Brain Research. 2015:233(3):679-89.
  78. Abruzzese G, Trompetto C. Motor Evoked Potentials. Encyclopedia of Movement Disorders. 2010;194-195.
  79. Bartholomeusz HH, Courchesne E, Karns CM. Relationship between head circumference and brain volume in healthy normal toddlers, children, and adults. Neuropediatrics. 2002; 33:239–241.
  80. Mukherjee P, McKinstry RC. Diffusion Tensor Imaging and Tractography of Human Brain Development. Neuroimaging Clinics of North America Advanced Pediatric Imaging. 2006;16:19–43.
  81. Yakovlev PI, Lecours AR. The myelogenetic cycles of regional maturation of the brain. In: Minkowski A, editor. Regional development of the brain in early life. Oxford: Blackwell. 1967;3-70.
  82. Rajapakse T, Kirton A. Non-invasive brain stimulation in children: applications and future directions. Translational Neuroscience. 2013; 4(2):217–223.
  83. Rossi S, Hallett M, Rossini PM, Pascual-Leone A. Safety of T.M.S. Consensus Group. Safety, ethical considerations, and application guidelines for the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in clinical practice and research. Clinical Neurophysiology. 2009; 120(12):2008–39.
  84. Miyahara M, Tsujii M, Hori M, Nakanishi K, Kageyama H, Sugiyama, T. Briefreport: motor in coordination in children with Asperger syndrome and learning disabilities. J. Autism Dev.Disord. 1997; 27:595–603.
  85. Ghaziuddin M, Butler E. Clumsiness in autism and Asperger syndrome: a further report. J. Intellect.Disabil.Res. 1998; 42:43–48.
  86. Mari M, Castiello U, Marks D, Marraffa C, Prior M. The reach to grasp movement in children with autism spectrum disorder. Philos.Trans.RSoc. Lond.BBiol.Sci. 2003; 358: 393–403.
  87. Noterdaeme M, Mildenberger K, Minow F, Amorosa H. Evaluation of neuro motor deficits in children with autism and children with a specific speech and language disorder. Eur.ChildAdolesc. Psychiatry. 2002; 11: 219–25.
  88. Minshew NJ, Sung K, Jones BL, Furman JM. Under development of the postural control system in autism. Neurology. 2004; 63:2056–61.
  89. Mattle HP, Edelman RR, Reis MA, et al. Flow quantification in the superior sagittal sinus using magnetic resonance. Neurology. 1990; 40:813–15.
  90. Putranto T, Yusuf I, Murtala B, Wijaya A. IntraArterial Heparin Flushing Increases Manual Muscle Test – Medical Research Councils (MMT-MRC) Score in Chronic Ischemic Stroke Patient. Bali Medical Journal. 2016; 5(2):216-20.
  91. Gilmore KL, Meyers JE. Using Surface Electromyography in Physiotherapy Research. Aust J Physiother. 1983; 29(1):3-9.
  92. Yoon N.K, McNally S, Taussky P, Park MS. Imaging of cerebral aneurysms: a clinical perspective. Neurovascular Imaging. 2016;2(1):6.

How to Cite

Setiawan, E., Soetikno, R., Risan, N. A., Shelly, S., Ratmono, T., Putranto, T. A., & Pramono, A. (2019). Measuring motor evoked-potentials in children with autism spectrum disorders accompanied with cerebral vein thrombosis following intraarterial heparin flushing. Bali Medical Journal, 8(2), 617–622. https://doi.org/10.15562/bmj.v8i2.1531
ACM ACS APA ABNT Chicago Harvard IEEE MLA Turabian Vancouver
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS) BibTeX

HTML
0

Total
20

Share

Search Panel

Erwin Setiawan
Google Scholar
Pubmed
BMJ Journal

Ristaniah Soetikno
Google Scholar
Pubmed
BMJ Journal

Nelly Amalia Risan
Google Scholar
Pubmed
BMJ Journal

Shelly Shelly
Google Scholar
Pubmed
BMJ Journal

Tugas Ratmono
Google Scholar
Pubmed
BMJ Journal

Terawan Agus Putranto
Google Scholar
Pubmed
BMJ Journal

Ardianto Pramono
Google Scholar
Pubmed
BMJ Journal